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Features completely updated and revised material and new chapters; incorporating the most recent advances in the field since the publication of the 3rd edition in Provides descriptive background information; examples of genetic analyses; detailed experimental methods; and advanced material relevant to current applications of molecular genetics.
Serves as an invaluable textbook for anyone working in the fields of genetics; microbiology; biochemistry; medicine; bioengineering; molecular biology; and biotechnology.
It is also essential reading for scientists in all fields of biology; many of whom depend upon the concepts and techniques covered in this book. Additional information book-author Larry Synder, Joseph E. Table of contents Table of contents : Content: The bacterial chromosome : DNA structure, replication, and segregation — Bacterial gene expression : transcription, translation, and protein folding — Bacterial genetic analysis : fundamentals and current approaches — Plasmids — Conjugation — Transformation — Lytic bacteriophages : development, genetics, and generalized transduction — Lysogeny : the lambda paradigm and the role of lysogenic conversion in bacterial pathogenesis — Transposition, site-specific recombination, and families of recombinases — Molecular mechanisms of homologous recombination — DNA repair and mutagenesis — Regulation of gene expression: genes and operons — Global regulation : regulons and stimulons — Bacterial cell biology and development.
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As with the first three editions, it was a great pleasure to work with the professionals at ASM Press. We have been fortunate to continue to work with Kenneth April, the production manager, who coordinated the entire project. We have also had the good fortune to work again with two of the same professionals who did a masterful job with the first three editions: Susan Brown Schmidler, who created the book and cover design; Terese Winslow, who created the cover illustration; and Elizabeth McGillicuddy, who copy edited the manuscript.
We also thank Patrick Lane of ScEYEnce Studios for bringing an attractive aestheticism to the rendering of our hand-drawn illustrations into the final figures.
Larry Loren R. Snyder, PhD, is a professor emeritus of microbiology and molecular genetics at Michigan State University, where he taught microbial genetics and microbiology to undergraduate and graduate students for about 40 years.
Joseph E. Peters, PhD, is an associate professor of microbiology at Cornell University, where he has been teaching bacterial genetics and microbiology since Sloan Foundation postdoctoral research fellow in molecular evolution. His research has focused on the intersection of DNA replication, recombination, and repair and how it relates to evolution, especially in the area of transposition.
He is the chair of the advisory board for the NSF-funded E. Tina M. Bingham Professor of Biological Sciences at Ohio State University, where she has been teaching bacterial genetics and microbiology since Her research focuses on gene regulation and regulatory RNAs in bacteria. Research in her laboratory is funded by the NIH. Wendy Champness, PhD, is a professor emerita of microbiology and molecular genetics at Michigan State University, where she taught microbial genetics and microbiology to undergraduate and graduate students for more than 25 years.
Most of her research was on the regulation of antibiotic synthesis genes in Streptomyces, and research in her laboratory was supported by grants from the NSF and NIH. She was a charter member of the NSF Center for Microbial Ecology at Michigan State and was a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Bacteriology for 12 years as well as an associate editor of the journal Microbiology. From the point of view of genetics and genetic manipulation, bacteria are relatively simple organisms.
There also exist model bacterial organisms that are easy to grow and easy to manipulate in the laboratory. For these reasons, most methods in molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology that are essential for the study of all forms of life have been developed around bacteria.
Bacteria also frequently serve as model systems for understanding cellular functions and developmental processes in more complex organisms. Much of what we know about the basic molecular mechanisms in cells, such as translation and replication, has originated with studies of bacteria. This is because such central cellular functions have remained largely unchanged throughout evolution. Ribosomes have similar structures in all organisms, and many of the translation factors are highly conserved.
The DNA replication apparatuses of all organisms contain features in common, such as sliding clamps and editing functions, which were first described in bacteria and their viruses, called bacteriophages. Chaperones that help other proteins fold and topoisomerases that change the topology of DNA were first discovered in bacteria and their bacteriophages. Studies of repair of DNA damage and mutagenesis in bacteria have also led the way to an understanding of such pathways in eukaryotes.
Excision repair systems, mutagenic polymerases, and mismatch repair systems are remarkably similar in all organisms, and defects in these systems are responsible for multiple types of human cancers. In addition, as our understanding of the molecular biology of bacteria advances, we are finding a level of complexity that was not appreciated previously. However, it is now clear that positioning of enzymes within the bacterial cell is highly controlled.
In addition, advances facilitated by molecular genetics and microscopy have made it clear that many cellular processes occur in highly organized subregions within the cell. Once it was appreciated that bacteria evolved in the same basic way as all other living organisms, the relative simplicity of bacteria paved the way for some of the most important scientific advances in any field, ever.
It is safe to say that a bright future awaits the fledgling bacterial geneticist, where studies of relatively simple bacteria, with their malleable genetic systems, promise to uncover basic principles of cell biology that are common to all organisms and that we can now only imagine.
However, bacteria are not just important as laboratory tools to understand other organisms; they are important and interesting in their own right. For instance, they play an essential role in the ecology of Earth. Without bacteria, the natural nitrogen cycle would be broken.
Bacteria are also central to the carbon cycle because of their ability to degrade recalcitrant natural polymers, such as cellulose and lignin. Bacteria and some types of fungi thus prevent Earth from being buried in plant debris and other carbon-containing material. Toxic compounds, including petroleum, many of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, and other products of the chemical industry, can also be degraded by bacteria. For this reason, these organisms are essential in water purification and toxic waste cleanup.
Moreover, bacteria and archaea see below produce most of the naturally occurring so-called greenhouse gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide, which are in turn used by other types of bacteria. This cycle helps maintain climate equilibrium. Another unusual feature of bacteria and archaea is their ability to live in extremely inhospitable environments, many of which are devoid of life except for microbes.
These organisms are the only ones living in the Dead Sea, where the salt concentration in the water is very high. Some types of bacteria and archaea live in hot springs at temperatures close to the boiling point of water or above in the case of archaea , and others survive in atmospheres devoid of oxygen, such as eutrophic lakes and swamps.
Bacteria that live in inhospitable environments sometimes enable other organisms to survive in those environments through symbiotic relationships. For example, symbiotic bacteria make life possible for Riftia tubeworms next to hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, where living systems must use hydrogen sulfide in place of organic carbon and energy sources. In this symbiosis, the bacteria obtain energy and fix carbon dioxide by using the reducing power of the hydrogen sulfide given off by the hydrothermal vents, thereby furnishing food in the form of high-energy carbon compounds for the worms, which lack a digestive tract.
Symbiotic cyanobacteria allow fungi to live in the Arctic tundra in the form of lichens. The bacterial partners in the lichens fix atmospheric nitrogen and make carbon-containing molecules through photosynthesis to allow their fungal partners to grow on the tundra in the absence of nutrient-containing soil. Symbiotic nitrogen- fixing Rhizobium and Azorhizobium spp.
Other types of symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose to allow cows and other ruminant animals to live on a diet of grass. Bioluminescent bacteria even generate light for squid and other marine animals, allowing illumination and signaling in the darkness of the deep ocean.
Bacteria are also worth studying because of their role in disease. They cause many human, plant, and animal diseases, and new diseases are continuously appearing. Knowledge gained from the molecular genetics of bacteria helps in the development of new ways to treat or otherwise control old diseases that can be resistant to older forms of treatment, as well as emerging diseases.
Some bacteria that live in and on our bodies also benefit us directly.
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